Teknik brainstorming pertama kali dicetuskan oleh Alex Osborn pada tahun 1953 dalam bukunya Applied Imagination. Brainstorming berarti to storm a problem with ideas (menyerbu suatu masalah dengan ide-ide). Brainstorming atau penyerbuan dengan ide-ide yang sebanyak mungkin terhadap suatu masalah dilangsungkan dalam suatu pertemuan. Teknik ini pada dasarnya adalah menerapkan diadakannya suatu sidang serbuan gagasan untuk memecahkan masalah. Pada pembelajaran dengan teknik brainstorming, setiap siswa dianjurkan mengajukan pendapat atau gagasan yang sebanyak-banyak mungkin untuk kemudian dicatat.
Penggalian ide dengan teknik ini bermula dari pemikiran Osborn yang menganggap bahwa aliran ide spontan yang muncul dari banyak orang lebih baik daripada gagasan seorang diri. Brainstorming mengacu pada penggalian ide berdasarkan kreativitas berpikir manusia. Peserta diskusi bebas menyampaikan pendapat tanpa rasa takut terhadap kritik dan penilaian sebab selama tahap pengumpulan ide semua gagasan akan ditampung tanpa terkecuali. Dalam prosesnya, tidak boleh dilangsungkan perdebatan atau diberikan kritik terjadap sesuatu ide yang dilontarkan.
Osborn dalam Gie (1995) mensyaratkan 4 ketentuan dalam melaksanakan teknik brainstorming yaitu:
1. Kritik tidak diperkenankan
2. Pengaliran ide secara bebas dianjurkan
3. Kualitas lebih diharapkan
4. Penggabungan dan penyampuran dicari
Selain menyumbangkan gagasan sendiri, setiap peserta diharapkan menyarankan bagaimana ide peserta lain dapat disempurnakan menjadi ide yang lebih baik atau bagaimana dua atau lebih ide dapat digabungkan menjadi satu lagi ide.
Tujuan dan Manfaat Brainstorming
Brainstorming bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gagasan dan ide-ide baru dari anggota kelompok dalam waktu yang relatif singkat tanpa adanya sifat kritis yang ketat. Sedangkan manfaat yang bisa diperoleh oleh suatu tim kerja yang melakukan teknik brainstorming, diantaranya adalah sebagai berikut:
• Mengidentifikasi masalah
Teknik brainstorming cukup efektif untuk menyelidiki sebab akibat terjadinya masalah karena masing-masing peserta diskusi akan mengeksplorasi faktor-faktor pemicu masalah. Setelah semua peserta mengutarakan gagasannya mediator bisa menarik kesimpulan penyebab permasalahan tersebut.
• Menganalisis situasi
Peserta diskusi akan menganalisis permasalahan dan situasi yang dihadapi oleh tim kerja tersebut saat ini.
• Mengalirkan ide-ide baru
Manfaat utama dari teknik brainstorming adalah mendapatkan ide sebanyak mungkin dari para anggota. Semua peserta bebas menyampaikan ide kreatif tanpa dibatasi oleh aturan-aturan tertentu.
• Menganalisis ide-ide
Aliran ide-ide segar dan inovatif dari peserta diskusi akan dianalisis dalam sebuah diskusi lanjutan. Panel diskusi kemudian akan membahas ide-ide mana saja yang relevan dan dapat diterapkan untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut.
• Menentukan alternatif pemecahan masalah
Panel diskusi menentukan alternatif pemecahan masalah berdasarkan ide-ide yang telah disepakati bersama.
• Merencanakan langkah-langkah dan kegiatan yang akan dilakukan untuk memperbaiki masalah
Salah satu manfaat dari teknik ini adalah untuk menyusun langkah-langkah berikutnya sebagai upaya perbaikan masalah. Panel diskusi dapat merumuskan perencanaan jangka panjang berdasarkan curah gagasan atau sumbang saran dari peserta brainstorming.
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